(2)a. The Second World War further encouraged therestructuring of the Australian economy to- wards amanufacturing basis.
b. Between 1937 and 1945 the value of industrialproduction almost doubled.
c. This increase was faster than otherwise would haveoccurred.
d. The momentum was maintained in the postwar years.
e. and by 1954-5 the value of manufacturing output wasthree times that of 1994—5.
f. The enlargement of Australia's steel- making capacityand of chemicals, rubber, metal goods and motor vehicles allowed something to the demands of war.
g. The war had acted as something of a hot- house fortechnological progress and economic change.
(3) h. The war had also revealed inadequacies inAustralia's scientific and research capabilities.
i. After the war strenuous efforts were made to improvethese.
j. The Australian National University was establishedwith an emphasis on research.
k. The government gave its support to the advancement ofscience in many areas, including agricultural production.
l. Though it is difficult to disentangle the effects ofwar from other influences,
m. it is clear that future generations not only enjoyedthe security and peace won by their forefathers but also thebenefits of war-time economic expansion.
在上例中, h 句中的新信息inadequacies in Australia'sscientific and research capabilities的一致式原先为一个投射小句,有它自己的新信息和已知信息的结构,如例4中的j句。
(4)i. The war had also revealed.
j. that Australia's scientific and research capabilitieswere inadequate.
【关 键 词】 the membrane这个表达是对前面所述的归纳, 作为下一句的出发点,即主位。这就是马丁的隐喻主位,但韩礼德避而不用语篇隐喻这个术语。
(5) When a solution of any substance is separated froma solute-free solvent by a membrane that is freely permeable to solvent molecules, but not to molecules of the solute, thesolvent tends to be drawn through the membrane into thesolution, thus diluting it. Movement of the solvent acrossthe membrane can be prevented by applying a certainhydrostatic pressure to the solution.
为此,韩礼德采用了“级的一致性”(congruence in rank)和“性状的一致性”(congruence in status)的概念。在级的一致性方面,韩礼德引入了一些新的术语,如把语义分成三级,分别为“言辞列”(sequence)、“言辞”(figure)和“成分”(element)。 言辞是对一件发生的事的语义表达,因为人类经验主要由发生的事构成,语法通过小句的构建把这些发生的事转换为语义。若干表示事件的言辞构成言辞列,由小句的连接体(clause nexus)体现。小句由动词词组、名词词组、副词词组或介词短语构筑,它们分别体现表述每一事件的言辞的成分。这构成了性状的一致性。表1表示两者关系:
Bohm,D.1980.Wholeness and the Implicate Order [M ]. London:Routledge.
Eggins, S., P. Wignell, & J. P. Martin. 1993. The discourse of history: distancing the recoverable past [ A] . In Ghadessy, Mohsen(ed.). Register Analysis: Theory and Practice [C].London: Pinter Publishers, 1993, pp 75—109.
Halliday, M. A. K. 1985/1994. An Introduction toFunctional Grammar [M]. London: Arnold.
Halliday, M. A. K. 1985. Spoken and Written Language [M].London: Oxford University Press.
Halliday, M. A. K. 1989. Some grammatical problems inscientific English [ J] . Australian Review of AppliedLinguistics; Supplement 6, 13—37.
Halliday, M. A. K. 1992. Some lexicogrammatical featuresof the zero population growth text [A]. In Mann, William C.,
附图
Sandra A. Thompson, (eds.). Discourse Description: DiverseLinguistic Analyses of a Fund-raising Text [C] . Amsterdam:John Benjamins. 327—358.
Halliday, M. A. K. 1995. Language and the reshaping ofhuman experience [A]. In B. Dendrinos (ed.) . Proceedings ofthe Fourth International Symposium on Historical DiscourseAnalysis [C]. Athens: University of Athens Press.
Halliday, M. A. K. 1996. Things and relations: Regram-maticizing experience as technical knowledge [A]. In J. R.Martin & R. Veel (eds. ) . Reading Science: Critical andFunctional Perspectives on Discourses of Science [C]. London:Routledge.
Halliday, M. A. K. 1999. The grammatical construction ofscientific knowledge: The framing of the English clause [A] .In R. Rossini, G. Sandri & R. Scazzieri ( eds. ) .Incommensurability and Translation [C]. Chelterham: Elgar.
Halliday, M. A. K. and J. R. Martin. 1993. WritingScience, Literary and Discourse Power [M] . London: FalmerPress.
Lakoff, G. & M. Johnson. 1980. Metaphors We Live by [M] .Chicago:The University of Chicago Press.
Martin, J. R. 1992. English Text. System and Structure [M]. Philadelphia/Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Martin, J. R. 1993. Life as a noun: Arresting theuniverse in science and humanities [A]. In M. A. K. Hallidayand J. R. Martin (eds.). 1993.
Martin, J. R. 1995. Interpersonal meaning, persuasion andpublic discourse: Packing semiotic punch [ J] . AustralianJournal of Linguistics; Vol. 15, 33—67.
Martin, J. R., C. Matthiessen, and C. Painter 1997.Working with Functional Grammar [M]. London: Arnold.
Painter, C. 1994. Into the Mother Tongue: A Case Study inEarly Language Development [M]. London and Dover, N. H. :Frances Pinter.
Painter, C. 1993. Learning through Langauge: A case studyin the development of language as a resource for learningfrom 2 1/2 to 5 years [D]. Ph D. thesis. University of Sydney.