在追忆过去的事件时,叙述者会使用括号对发生的事件进行评论,让读者注意他已经从过去幼稚的年轻人成长为现在成熟理性的叙述者。在小说的第一章,中学刚毕业,叙述者为了在白人俱乐部演讲(谦卑是进步的秘诀)而违心参与黑人少年之间的格斗,爬过带电的摊子去抢钱币,为了使演讲继续他突下口里的血水。“So I gulped it down, blood, saliva and all, and continued. (What powers of endurance I had during those days! What enthusiasm! What a belief in the rightness of things!)”[3]括号中叙述者连续用了三个感叹句以及“那些年”抒发感慨,让读者感觉到叙述者与往事之间的时间距离,以及现在的叙述者不再像高中时候那样天真,以为谦卑地对待白人就可以获得平等对待。
第一人称回顾性叙述聚焦变化的方式就是从过去时到现在时的转变。“我”正在经历事件时的眼光采用过去时,使用现在时表明从目前的眼光来看待往事。例如,主人公进入大学后,一次校长让他陪同一位白人董事参观学校,这位白人董事拿出自己女儿的照片给主人公看,并且告诉主人公能参加这所大学都归功于他的女儿。主人公描述了照片里的女子后,“ I looked upon the tinted miniature…I know now that it was the flowing costume of soft, flimsy material that made for the effect.”[5]句子中‘looked’表明叙述者是从过去的眼光叙述事件的,而之后插入了'I know now'现在时,表明主人公对同一事件过去和现在的不同感受,反映他的变化和成熟。
主人公无意让这位白人董事了解了当地一户黑人农民家庭的乱伦关系,被开除出了大学,到纽约一家油漆厂工作,负伤后躺在医院,医生询问他的名字时, “ and it was as though someone inside of me tried to tell him to be silent…I shot to my feet and looked wildly around me and sat down and got up and down again very fast, remembering. I don't know why I did it…” [6]现在的“我”对过去自己的行为提出了疑问,表明“现在的我”听到别人叫我的名字就不会有过去的反应了。
(三)指示词
在回顾性叙述中,出现“那些天”(those days)“那些年”(those years)等指示词,第一人称回顾性叙述特有的双重聚焦体现的特别明显。主人公带白人董事来到黑人Jim Trueblood家前插入的一段话“I didn't understand in those pre-invisible days that their hate and mine, too, was charged with fear. How all of us at the college hated the black-belt people, the ‘peasants,’ during those days! ”[7] “那些天”和“那些年”都表示叙述者是从现在的眼光来看待过去的事情,并且发出感慨。现在的我不理解当初为什么会有那样的想法和认识。通过这些指示词也反映了主人公从不成熟到成熟的变化过程。
“In this brief moment of passage I became aware of the connection…If only he were not angry with me! If only he would give another chance!”[8]这是主人公带白人董事无意参观黑人生活区后回来路上的紧张心情。可想而知当时主人公害怕的心理状况,思想也是混乱的,这里“现在的我”概括了当时的心情,尤其是最后两句感叹句深刻表现出了主人公得罪白人的紧张状态。
(二)自我引用独白
自我引用独白是叙述者对“过去的我”内心思想的引用,采用“我对我自己说…”插入语形式。这标志是必要的,因为“现在的我”的言语和自我引用独白都采用第一人称和现在时。“They were all transformed, like familiar people seen in a dream. Well, I thought, I'm different too, and they'll see it when the talk is finished and the action begins.”[9]这片段是主人公成为哈姆区发言人,在和同事工作时的内心想法。“I thought”清楚把事件的叙述和主人公的思想表达分开来。让读者也清楚知道这是“过去的我”当时经历事件时的思想,不是叙述者现在的想法。
“So she doesn't think I'm black enough. What does she want, a black-face comedian? Who is she, anyway, Brother Jack's wife, his girl friend? Maybe she wants to see me sweat coal tar, ink, shoe polish, graphite. [9]当引导句“我对我自己说…”形式去掉,会产生“不确定”感。在一次聚会上,白人女性Emma认为主人公还应该更黑点(a little blacker),在叙述当中插入的主人公的内心想法。没有“I thought”,“过去的我”和“现在的我”的想法交织在一起,最后达到一致,同时也容易使读者产生共鸣。
[1] O'Malley, Robert. The Craft of Ralph Ellison. [M]. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1980]
[2] 申丹《叙事学与小说文体学研究》,北京大学出版社,1998, 第210页
[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][13][14][15][16][17][18] Ellison, Ralph. Invisible Man. [M].Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000.Page30,33,43,246,47,99,366,303,478,335,3,4,6,14,580,581
[19]Bal, Mieke. Narratology: Introduction to the Theory of Narrative. Trans. van Boheemen. Toronto: The University of Toronto University Press, 1997.
[20]Cohn, Dorrit. Transparent Minds: Narrative Modes for Presenting Consciousness in Fiction. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978.
[21]Genette, Gérard. Narrative Discourse. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1980.